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Artist Charmaine Minniefield’s work celebrates African-American women-led resistance, spirituality, and power, remembering their lives and actions as a form of resistance against erasure. For her work in Oakland Cemetery, she has created a “sanctuary of remembrance” for the 800+ individuals whose remains are unnamed. The project opens on Juneteenth (June 19), a nationally recognized commemoration of the end of slavery in the United States. It will run through July 11, 2021.

This digital tour includes information on Oakland residents, the history of the cemetery, and Historic Oakland Foundation's ongoing efforts to preserve Black narratives.","flat_pages",[407,408,409,410],"id",3,"is_geo",true,"link_address","link_text","map_icon","map_overlay","map_type","hybrid","media",[399],"meta_description","From June 19 through July 11, Flux Projects and Historic Oakland Foundation present Charmaine Minniefield’s Remembrance as Resistance: Preserving Black Narratives in Oakland Cemetery. The work honors the over 800 unmarked graves within the African American Burial Grounds. Participants are invited to enter the Praise House and immerse themselves in the sounds and images of a Ring Shout. The Ring Shout is a traditional African American worship and gathering practice with origins in West African rituals and ceremonies. The Praise House is a replica of the small structures used as places of worship by enslaved people in the American South. Artist Charmaine Minniefield’s work celebrates African-American women-led resistance, spirituality, and power, remembering their lives and actions as a form of resistance against erasure. For her work in Oakland Cemetery, she has created a “sanctuary of remembrance” for the 800+ individuals whose remains are unnamed. The project opens on Juneteenth (June 19), a nationally recognized commemoration of the end of slavery in the United States. It will run through July 11, 2021. This digital tour includes information on Oakland residents, the history of the cemetery, and Historic Oakland Foundation's ongoing efforts to preserve Black narratives.","mode",{"_35":290,"_73":394},"modes",[390,391,392],"open_geographies_endpoint","published","published_on","2026-09-10","read_duration","7 minutes reading","restrict_bounds","restrict_bounds_to_overlay","sanitized_description","splash",{"_73":388,"_126":-5,"_127":389},"slug","slugs",[16],"stop_count",8,"stops",[85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92],"tenant_title","Oakland Cemetery","title","Remembrance as Resistance: Preserving Black Narratives","travel_duration","19 minutes walking","theme",{"_35":83,"_73":84},"type","voice_overs",[],"use_directions",15,"ksu",{"_93":367,"_94":24,"_95":-5,"_97":364,"_99":100,"_101":-5,"_31":368,"_103":-5,"_104":-5,"_105":106,"_35":364,"_107":369,"_109":370,"_41":-5,"_45":371,"_47":112,"_113":26,"_114":-5,"_115":-5,"_54":38,"_61":372,"_64":365,"_65":373,"_62":374,"_73":366,"_79":121,"_122":-5,"_123":-5,"_80":375},{"_93":339,"_94":136,"_95":340,"_97":336,"_99":100,"_101":-5,"_31":341,"_103":-5,"_104":-5,"_105":106,"_35":336,"_107":342,"_109":343,"_41":-5,"_45":344,"_47":112,"_113":26,"_114":-5,"_115":-5,"_54":38,"_61":345,"_64":337,"_65":346,"_62":347,"_73":338,"_79":121,"_122":-5,"_123":-5,"_80":348},{"_93":316,"_94":36,"_95":317,"_97":314,"_99":100,"_101":-5,"_31":318,"_103":-5,"_104":-5,"_105":106,"_35":314,"_107":319,"_109":320,"_41":-5,"_45":321,"_47":112,"_113":26,"_114":-5,"_115":-5,"_54":38,"_61":322,"_64":18,"_65":323,"_62":324,"_73":315,"_79":121,"_122":-5,"_123":-5,"_80":325},{"_93":289,"_94":290,"_95":291,"_97":286,"_99":100,"_101":-5,"_31":292,"_103":-5,"_104":-5,"_105":106,"_35":286,"_107":293,"_109":294,"_41":-5,"_45":295,"_47":112,"_113":26,"_114":-5,"_115":-5,"_54":38,"_61":296,"_64":287,"_65":297,"_62":298,"_73":288,"_79":121,"_122":-5,"_123":-5,"_80":299},{"_93":253,"_94":173,"_95":254,"_97":250,"_99":255,"_101":-5,"_31":256,"_103":-5,"_104":-5,"_105":106,"_35":250,"_107":257,"_109":258,"_41":-5,"_45":259,"_47":112,"_113":26,"_114":-5,"_115":-5,"_54":38,"_61":260,"_64":251,"_65":261,"_62":262,"_73":252,"_79":121,"_122":-5,"_123":-5,"_80":263},{"_93":228,"_94":229,"_95":230,"_97":225,"_99":100,"_101":-5,"_31":231,"_103":-5,"_104":-5,"_105":106,"_35":225,"_107":232,"_109":233,"_41":-5,"_45":234,"_47":112,"_113":26,"_114":-5,"_115":-5,"_54":38,"_61":235,"_64":226,"_65":236,"_62":237,"_73":227,"_79":121,"_122":-5,"_123":-5,"_80":238},{"_93":183,"_94":184,"_95":185,"_97":180,"_99":100,"_101":-5,"_31":186,"_103":-5,"_104":-5,"_105":106,"_35":180,"_107":187,"_109":188,"_41":-5,"_45":189,"_47":112,"_113":26,"_114":-5,"_115":-5,"_54":38,"_61":190,"_64":181,"_65":191,"_62":192,"_73":182,"_79":121,"_122":-5,"_123":-5,"_80":193},{"_93":-5,"_94":68,"_95":96,"_97":98,"_99":100,"_101":-5,"_31":102,"_103":-5,"_104":-5,"_105":106,"_35":98,"_107":108,"_109":110,"_41":-5,"_45":111,"_47":112,"_113":26,"_114":-5,"_115":-5,"_54":38,"_61":116,"_64":117,"_65":118,"_62":119,"_73":120,"_79":121,"_122":-5,"_123":-5,"_80":124},"next","position","previous",{"_35":180,"_64":181,"_73":182},"relation_id",21,"address","248 Oakland Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30312, USA","article_link","

Born in 1894, Jessie Murphy Wartman (1894-1980) found inspiration in the heavenly hymns and spirituals that filled her church during worship services. Music became her life's calling. Wartman earned a master’s degree in music from Atlanta University and then studied at Oberlin Conservatory of Music in Ohio. She established the School of Musical Arts on Auburn Avenue and trained many of Atlanta's Black musicians, music teachers, and band directors. She founded and directed the Atlanta City Orchestra. In 1933, Wartman established the annual Atlanta Schools Music Festival, an annual event that featured a city-wide chorus of 1000 students.

Jessie Murphy Wartman returned to the church and served as an organist and choir director for Big Bethel A.M.E. Church. First founded in 1847 as Bethel Tabernacle, Big Bethel A.M.E. is the oldest African American congregation in Atlanta. The first two ministers, Reverend Joseph A. Woods and Bishop Wesley John Gaines, both rest at Oakland. The church provided a rare community gathering space for its earliest enslaved members. Big Bethel grew in prominence and membership during Reconstruction, eventually pulling in thousands of worshippers for services. The basement of its second church building even served as the first home to Morris Brown College.

Video: Big Bethel A.M.E.: 19th-century spirituals and a blessing from Pastor John Foster.

","direction_intro","direction_notes","icon_color","#D32F2F","lat",33.74805136,"lng",-84.37075683,[133,134],"","orphaned","parking_lat","parking_lng","Born in 1894, Jessie Murphy Wartman (1894-1980) found inspiration in the heavenly hymns and spirituals that filled her church during worship services. Music became her life's calling. Wartman earned a master’s degree in music from Atlanta University and then studied at Oberlin Conservatory of Music in Ohio. She established the School of Musical Arts on Auburn Avenue and trained many of Atlanta's Black musicians, music teachers, and band directors. She founded and directed the Atlanta City Orchestra. In 1933, Wartman established the annual Atlanta Schools Music Festival, an annual event that featured a city-wide chorus of 1000 students. Jessie Murphy Wartman returned to the church and served as an organist and choir director for Big Bethel A. M.E. Church. First founded in 1847 as Bethel Tabernacle, Big Bethel A. M.E. is the oldest African American congregation in Atlanta. The first two ministers, Reverend Joseph A. Woods and Bishop Wesley John Gaines, both rest at Oakland. The church provided a rare community gathering space for its earliest enslaved members. Big Bethel grew in prominence and membership during Reconstruction, eventually pulling in thousands of worshippers for services. The basement of its second church building even served as the first home to Morris Brown College. Video: Big Bethel A. M.E.: 19th-century spirituals and a blessing from Pastor John Foster.","jessie-murphy-wartman-and-big-bethel-a-m-e-church",[129,130,131,132,117],{"_73":125,"_126":112,"_127":128},"Jessie Murphy Wartman and Big Bethel A.M.E Church","stop","video_embed","video_poster",[],"Big Bethel Church Song and Prayer","caption","url","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/x5tklwb1kcbt59q8cvmhu9g7wq61?variant=desktop","untitled","jessie-murphy-wartman","jessie-murphy-wartman-and-big-bethel-ame","jessie-murphy-wartman-and-big-bethel-ame-need-media",{"_97":166,"_94":24,"_126":112,"_138":167,"_140":168,"_141":169,"_142":170,"_144":171,"_35":172,"_147":173,"_148":149,"_150":170,"_151":174,"_153":175,"_73":125,"_155":169},{"_97":135,"_94":136,"_126":137,"_138":139,"_140":-5,"_141":-5,"_142":143,"_144":145,"_35":146,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_150":143,"_151":152,"_153":154,"_73":137,"_155":-5},36,2,"Big Bethel A.M.E. Church","desktop_width",1500,"embed","embed_id","filename","16226458470.jpeg","files",{"_156":157,"_158":159,"_160":161,"_162":163,"_164":165},40,"lqip_width","mobile_width",300,"original_image","provider","keiner","tablet_width",750,"video","original","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/f4avs4ce2mwyzf027rkif0v41vlf","mobile","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/f4avs4ce2mwyzf027rkif0v41vlf?variant=mobile","tablet","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/f4avs4ce2mwyzf027rkif0v41vlf?variant=tablet","desktop","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/f4avs4ce2mwyzf027rkif0v41vlf?variant=desktop","lqip","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/f4avs4ce2mwyzf027rkif0v41vlf?variant=lqip",39,480,"//www.youtube.com/embed/Y5QHVoJuWpQ","Y5QHVoJuWpQ","Y5QHVoJuWpQ.jpg",{"_156":176,"_158":177,"_160":178,"_162":128,"_164":179},43,5,"youtube",400,"https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/x5tklwb1kcbt59q8cvmhu9g7wq61","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/x5tklwb1kcbt59q8cvmhu9g7wq61?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/x5tklwb1kcbt59q8cvmhu9g7wq61?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/x5tklwb1kcbt59q8cvmhu9g7wq61?variant=lqip",20,"minnie-askew-and-first-congregational-church","Minnie Askew and First Congregational Church",{"_35":98,"_64":117,"_73":120},7,{"_35":225,"_64":226,"_73":227},"A native Atlantan, Minnie Askew Davis (1875-1934) was the daughter of one of Atlanta’s earliest African American photographers, Thomas Askew, and Mary Sims. She married lawyer J. Robert Davis in 1892, and the couple had one child, Georgia. After her husband died in 1894, Minnie Askew Davis found work as a dressmaker. Dressmakers were the female equivalents of tailors. It was a respectable occupation that could provide a comfortable living for a young widow and single mother like Davis. Talented and fashionable, Minnie Askew Davis became a sought-after dressmaker to the “first families” of Atlanta.

Minnie Askew Davis was an active church worker at First Congregational Church, where she served as chair of the deaconess board. First Congregational Church is the second-oldest African-American Congregational Church in the United States. The church's first service was held on May 26, 1867.

Photo: Photographed by Thomas Askew (Minnie Askew's father), this image shows members of First Congregational Church posed outside of their brick church in 1899 or 1900.

Video: Behind-the-scenes footage of Malesha Jessie Taylor recording vocals for \"Resistance as Remembrance: Preserving Black Narratives\" at the historic First Congregational Church in Atlanta. ",33.74879208,-84.37038336,[200,201],"A native Atlantan, Minnie Askew Davis (1875-1934) was the daughter of one of Atlanta’s earliest African American photographers, Thomas Askew, and Mary Sims. She married lawyer J. Robert Davis in 1892, and the couple had one child, Georgia. After her husband died in 1894, Minnie Askew Davis found work as a dressmaker. Dressmakers were the female equivalents of tailors. It was a respectable occupation that could provide a comfortable living for a young widow and single mother like Davis. Talented and fashionable, Minnie Askew Davis became a sought-after dressmaker to the “first families” of Atlanta. Minnie Askew Davis was an active church worker at First Congregational Church, where she served as chair of the deaconess board. First Congregational Church is the second-oldest African-American Congregational Church in the United States. The church's first service was held on May 26, 1867.Photo: Photographed by Thomas Askew (Minnie Askew's father), this image shows members of First Congregational Church posed outside of their brick church in 1899 or 1900.Video: Behind-the-scenes footage of Malesha Jessie Taylor recording vocals for \"Resistance as Remembrance: Preserving Black Narratives\" at the historic First Congregational Church in Atlanta. ",[129,197,198,199,181],{"_73":194,"_126":195,"_127":196},[],"First Congregational Church in 1899 or 1900","Photographed by Thomas Askew, this image shows members of First Congregational Church posed outside of their brick church in 1899 or 1900.","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/nq6mlcdpxndw57l6xge0yd2ibm80?variant=desktop","big-bethel-ame","minnie-askew-and-first-congregational-church-need-text-and-media","minnie-askew-and-first-congregational-church-need-first-con-video",{"_97":217,"_94":24,"_126":195,"_138":139,"_140":-5,"_141":-5,"_142":218,"_144":219,"_35":220,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_150":218,"_151":152,"_153":154,"_73":194,"_155":-5},{"_97":202,"_94":136,"_126":203,"_138":204,"_140":205,"_141":206,"_142":207,"_144":208,"_35":209,"_147":173,"_148":149,"_150":207,"_151":210,"_153":175,"_73":211,"_155":206},42,"Malesha Jessie Taylor with Salah Ananse, collectively known as We Are Djeli, created the soundtrack for our upcoming project with Charmaine Minniefield, Remembrance as Resistance: Preserving Black Narratives.\n\nABOUT REMEMBRANCE AS RESISTANCE\n\nOpening to commemorate Juneteenth, Charmaine Minniefield’s Remembrance as Resistance: Preserving Black Narratives, honors the unmarked graves in Oakland’s historic African American Burial Grounds. The project celebrates the Ring Shout, a traditional African American worship and gathering practice, whose origins in West African ritual and ceremony predate slavery. Through this work Minniefield explores evidence of its survival in contemporary dance, music, and spoken word as a testament to the resilience of a people.",640,"//player.vimeo.com/video/558850376","558850376","558850376.jpg",{"_156":212,"_158":213,"_160":214,"_162":215,"_164":216},46,"vimeo","Malesha Jessie Taylor's Sound Check","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/6actkv9vzt7b1mmqdaob3uradlgj","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/6actkv9vzt7b1mmqdaob3uradlgj?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/6actkv9vzt7b1mmqdaob3uradlgj?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/6actkv9vzt7b1mmqdaob3uradlgj?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/6actkv9vzt7b1mmqdaob3uradlgj?variant=lqip",37,"16226507263.jpeg",{"_156":221,"_158":222,"_160":223,"_162":196,"_164":224},41,"https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/nq6mlcdpxndw57l6xge0yd2ibm80","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/nq6mlcdpxndw57l6xge0yd2ibm80?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/nq6mlcdpxndw57l6xge0yd2ibm80?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/nq6mlcdpxndw57l6xge0yd2ibm80?variant=lqip",23,"preserving-black-narratives","Preserving Black Narratives",{"_35":180,"_64":181,"_73":182},6,{"_35":250,"_64":251,"_73":252},"Historic Oakland Foundation seeks to prevent the erasure of historical narratives through equitable interpretation and comprehensive storytelling. Various restoration and programmatic efforts are underway to share the whole history of Atlanta, including ongoing work to match burial records with unmarked graves in the African American Burial Grounds.

An upcoming project is the digitization and sharing of the burial records of the original residents of Slave Square. Historic Oakland Foundation aims to create an online database for the Slave Square burial records. This will require deciphering and digitizing the handwritten records. Staff will cross-reference existing census and other historical records to complete narrative gaps. When completed, the database will be uploaded and made available to the public at no cost.

The photo shows the first page of the Slave Square burial records and lists interred residents from February 1853 to February 1854. From left to right, the columns list date of death, name, age, birth place, cause of death, and burial location. Discover the Slave Square burial records here.

By sharing the history of Slave Square's original residents, Historic Oakland Foundation seeks to preserve existing Black narratives and prevent the erasure of Oakland residents. Connect with Historic Oakland Foundation to share your family history and help us complete our records! Discover more about your family narrative by accessing the following research centers:

Auburn Avenue Research Library

Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library at Emory University

Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library

Slave Voyages",33.74791277,-84.37275642,[241],"Historic Oakland Foundation seeks to prevent the erasure of historical narratives through equitable interpretation and comprehensive storytelling. Various restoration and programmatic efforts are underway to share the whole history of Atlanta, including ongoing work to match burial records with unmarked graves in the African American Burial Grounds. An upcoming project is the digitization and sharing of the burial records of the original residents of Slave Square. Historic Oakland Foundation aims to create an online database for the Slave Square burial records. This will require deciphering and digitizing the handwritten records. Staff will cross-reference existing census and other historical records to complete narrative gaps. When completed, the database will be uploaded and made available to the public at no cost. The photo shows the first page of the Slave Square burial records and lists interred residents from February 1853 to February 1854. From left to right, the columns list date of death, name, age, birth place, cause of death, and burial location. Discover the Slave Square burial records here. By sharing the history of Slave Square's original residents, Historic Oakland Foundation seeks to preserve existing Black narratives and prevent the erasure of Oakland residents. Connect with Historic Oakland Foundation to share your family history and help us complete our records! Discover more about your family narrative by accessing the following research centers: Auburn Avenue Research LibraryStuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library at Emory UniversityAtlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff LibrarySlave Voyages",[129,226],{"_73":239,"_126":-5,"_127":240},[],"Slave Square Burial Records from February 1853 to February 1854.jpg","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/68dpulzi1cb01qlrfmvs067t1roi?variant=desktop",{"_97":242,"_94":24,"_126":-5,"_138":139,"_140":-5,"_141":-5,"_142":243,"_144":244,"_35":245,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_150":243,"_151":152,"_153":154,"_73":239,"_155":-5},45,"16230807255.jpeg",{"_156":246,"_158":247,"_160":248,"_162":240,"_164":249},49,"https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/68dpulzi1cb01qlrfmvs067t1roi","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/68dpulzi1cb01qlrfmvs067t1roi?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/68dpulzi1cb01qlrfmvs067t1roi?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/68dpulzi1cb01qlrfmvs067t1roi?variant=lqip",17,"identifying-the-800","Identifying the 800",{"_35":225,"_64":226,"_73":227},{"_35":286,"_64":287,"_73":288},"183-191 Boulevard SE, Atlanta, GA 30312, USA","

In 2016, Historic Oakland Foundation partnered with Atlanta-based remote sensing firm Bigman Geophysical to use ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to locate unmarked burials within the African American Burial Grounds. GPR allows users to “see” what is under the ground via radio waves without having to dig into the ground and potentially disturb graves. The result of the survey found some 872 probable unmarked burials.

Why were these gravesites unmarked? There are several possible explanations. Historic African American burial traditions used natural markers like trees, shrubs, or wooden crosses to mark a grave. Those natural markers deteriorated over the years, leaving much of the African American Burial Grounds bereft of headstones or other visual markers.

The graves could have also been unmarked from burial. In 1877, the Atlanta City Council ordered the removal and reburial of the remains of more than 800 men, women, and children from an area known as Slave Square. From Oakland's founding in 1850 until the opening of the African American Burial Grounds in 1866, Slave Square was the only space where African Americans could be buried in Oakland. The remains of more than 800 individuals were disinterred from Slave Square and moved to the “colored pauper grounds.\" The Slave Square lots were resold to White Atlantans for a minimum purchase price of $50.

Learn more about Historic Oakland Foundation efforts to identify unmarked graves here.

Photo: Flags mark the locations of 872 unmarked graves in 2016.

Photo: Burial abstract showing two burials whose locations are unknown.

",33.7486614,-84.37004739,[269,270],"In 2016, Historic Oakland Foundation partnered with Atlanta-based remote sensing firm Bigman Geophysical to use ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to locate unmarked burials within the African American Burial Grounds. GPR allows users to “see” what is under the ground via radio waves without having to dig into the ground and potentially disturb graves. The result of the survey found some 872 probable unmarked burials. Why were these gravesites unmarked? There are several possible explanations. Historic African American burial traditions used natural markers like trees, shrubs, or wooden crosses to mark a grave. Those natural markers deteriorated over the years, leaving much of the African American Burial Grounds bereft of headstones or other visual markers. The graves could have also been unmarked from burial. In 1877, the Atlanta City Council ordered the removal and reburial of the remains of more than 800 men, women, and children from an area known as Slave Square. From Oakland's founding in 1850 until the opening of the African American Burial Grounds in 1866, Slave Square was the only space where African Americans could be buried in Oakland. The remains of more than 800 individuals were disinterred from Slave Square and moved to the “colored pauper grounds.\" The Slave Square lots were resold to White Atlantans for a minimum purchase price of $50. Learn more about Historic Oakland Foundation efforts to identify unmarked graves here. Photo: Flags mark the locations of 872 unmarked graves in 2016. Photo: Burial abstract showing two burials whose locations are unknown. ",[129,266,267,268,251],{"_73":264,"_126":-5,"_127":265},[],"African-American-flags-web.jpeg","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/pw6rm0ymixpo160gag6v8j7ljd59?variant=desktop","slave-square","ongoing-efforts-to-preserve-black-narratives","honoring-the-800",{"_97":146,"_94":136,"_126":-5,"_138":139,"_140":-5,"_141":-5,"_142":279,"_144":280,"_35":281,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_150":279,"_151":152,"_153":154,"_73":264,"_155":-5},{"_97":220,"_94":136,"_126":-5,"_138":139,"_140":-5,"_141":-5,"_142":271,"_144":272,"_35":242,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_150":271,"_151":152,"_153":154,"_73":273,"_155":-5},"16227556407.jpeg",{"_156":274,"_158":275,"_160":276,"_162":277,"_164":278},"AA-abstract.jpeg","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/06wdy56652ph5eq88ne78iqgzzsv","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/06wdy56652ph5eq88ne78iqgzzsv?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/06wdy56652ph5eq88ne78iqgzzsv?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/06wdy56652ph5eq88ne78iqgzzsv?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/06wdy56652ph5eq88ne78iqgzzsv?variant=lqip","16227555522.jpeg",{"_156":282,"_158":283,"_160":284,"_162":265,"_164":285},44,"https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/pw6rm0ymixpo160gag6v8j7ljd59","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/pw6rm0ymixpo160gag6v8j7ljd59?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/pw6rm0ymixpo160gag6v8j7ljd59?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/pw6rm0ymixpo160gag6v8j7ljd59?variant=lqip",18,"historic-african-american-burial-grounds","Historic African American Burial Grounds ",{"_35":250,"_64":251,"_73":252},4,{"_35":314,"_64":18,"_73":315},"This 3.5-acre section of Oakland opened in 1866 for African Americans to purchase burial space. According to burial records, more than 12,000 African Americans are buried in Oakland. But look around – do you see 12,000 markers? Many African Americans used trees, shrubs, or wooden crosses to mark a burial site. Those natural markers deteriorated over the years. From 1866 until 1963, Black Atlantans could only buy burial plots in this section.

As people were racially segregated in daily life – in education, business, leisure, and worship – so were they kept apart in death in cemeteries across the nation. The racial segregation of burials continued in Oakland until 1963 when all public parks and facilities desegregated in Atlanta.

Today, the African American Burial Grounds is a space to celebrate Black achievement and honor the struggle for Black liberation. This burial section is home to numerous men and women who shaped the City of Atlanta, including:

William Finch: First Black man elected to the Atlanta City Council and known as the \"Father of Black Education\" in Atlanta
James Tate: An entrepreneur, minister, and civic leader who opened Atlanta's first Black-owned business, a grocery store
Marie Woolfolk Taylor: Co-founder of Alpha Kappa Alpha, the first Greek-letter organization founded by and for Black women
Carrie Steele Logan: A formerly-enslaved woman who established the first African American orphanage (The Carrie Steele-Pitts Home) in Atlanta
Selena Sloan Butler: Founder of the National Congress of Colored Parents and Teachers Association, Co-founder of the National Parents-Teachers Association
Bishop Wesley John Gaines: Second pastor at Big Bethel A.M.E. Church and co-founder of Morris Brown College
Henry Rucker: Black political boss appointed as the state’s Collector of Internal Revenue by President William McKinley in 1896

Video: Historic Oakland Foundation volunteer Jihan Hurse tours the African American Burial Grounds.

",33.74807578,-84.37109345,[303],"This 3.5-acre section of Oakland opened in 1866 for African Americans to purchase burial space. According to burial records, more than 12,000 African Americans are buried in Oakland. But look around – do you see 12,000 markers? Many African Americans used trees, shrubs, or wooden crosses to mark a burial site. Those natural markers deteriorated over the years. From 1866 until 1963, Black Atlantans could only buy burial plots in this section. As people were racially segregated in daily life – in education, business, leisure, and worship – so were they kept apart in death in cemeteries across the nation. The racial segregation of burials continued in Oakland until 1963 when all public parks and facilities desegregated in Atlanta. Today, the African American Burial Grounds is a space to celebrate Black achievement and honor the struggle for Black liberation. This burial section is home to numerous men and women who shaped the City of Atlanta, including:William Finch: First Black man elected to the Atlanta City Council and known as the \"Father of Black Education\" in Atlanta James Tate: An entrepreneur, minister, and civic leader who opened Atlanta's first Black-owned business, a grocery store Marie Woolfolk Taylor: Co-founder of Alpha Kappa Alpha, the first Greek-letter organization founded by and for Black womenCarrie Steele Logan: A formerly-enslaved woman who established the first African American orphanage (The Carrie Steele-Pitts Home) in AtlantaSelena Sloan Butler: Founder of the National Congress of Colored Parents and Teachers Association, Co-founder of the National Parents-Teachers AssociationBishop Wesley John Gaines: Second pastor at Big Bethel A. M.E. Church and co-founder of Morris Brown College Henry Rucker: Black political boss appointed as the state’s Collector of Internal Revenue by President William McKinley in 1896Video: Historic Oakland Foundation volunteer Jihan Hurse tours the African American Burial Grounds. ",[129,287],{"_73":300,"_126":301,"_127":302},[],"Virtual Tour of Oakland Cemetery: We Shall Overcome","We Shall Overcome: African American Stories from Civil War to Civil Rights, a tour led by HOF volunteer Jihan Hurse","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/ljkvfpzhyhqkyufribuicfzan9at?variant=desktop",{"_97":304,"_94":24,"_126":301,"_138":167,"_140":305,"_141":306,"_142":307,"_144":308,"_35":309,"_147":173,"_148":149,"_150":307,"_151":174,"_153":175,"_73":300,"_155":306},34,"//www.youtube.com/embed/29qgpcrXpTQ","29qgpcrXpTQ","29qgpcrXpTQ.jpg",{"_156":310,"_158":311,"_160":312,"_162":302,"_164":313},38,"https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/ljkvfpzhyhqkyufribuicfzan9at","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/ljkvfpzhyhqkyufribuicfzan9at?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/ljkvfpzhyhqkyufribuicfzan9at?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/ljkvfpzhyhqkyufribuicfzan9at?variant=lqip",24,"Oakland's First Black Residents ",{"_35":286,"_64":287,"_73":288},{"_35":336,"_64":337,"_73":338},"In 1850, Atlanta leaders traveled to the city outskirts to purchase land for a municipal cemetery. Alfred W. Wooding, a farmer and an enslaver, sold six acres of land for $75 each to the new city government. Occupying the southwest corner of the cemetery's current footprint, this section is known as the Original Six Acres.

After Oakland's founding, the Atlanta City Council set aside the northeast corner of the six-acre grounds for the burial of African Americans. This section came to be known as Slave Square. A 14-year-old boy named John was the first person to be buried in Slave Square in February 1853. By the start of the Civil War, more than 800 men, women, and children were buried in Slave Square.

Oakland reached its current size of 48 acres by 1867. Occupying a central area and located on a hill, Slave Square was considered a desirable burial space. In 1877, the Atlanta City Council ordered the removal of the bodies from Slave Square to make room for more burials. The remains of John and more than 800 individuals were disinterred from Slave Square and moved to the “colored pauper grounds.” After the Sexton prepared the ground for new burials, the Slave Square lots were sold to White Atlantans for a minimum purchase price of $50.

Many people are fearful of disturbing the resting places of the dead, but history tells us that’s what happened at Slave Square in 1877.

Photo: An interpretive panel in Slave Square.",33.74798688,-84.37274569,[328],"In 1850, Atlanta leaders traveled to the city outskirts to purchase land for a municipal cemetery. Alfred W. Wooding, a farmer and an enslaver, sold six acres of land for $75 each to the new city government. Occupying the southwest corner of the cemetery's current footprint, this section is known as the Original Six Acres. After Oakland's founding, the Atlanta City Council set aside the northeast corner of the six-acre grounds for the burial of African Americans. This section came to be known as Slave Square. A 14-year-old boy named John was the first person to be buried in Slave Square in February 1853. By the start of the Civil War, more than 800 men, women, and children were buried in Slave Square. Oakland reached its current size of 48 acres by 1867. Occupying a central area and located on a hill, Slave Square was considered a desirable burial space. In 1877, the Atlanta City Council ordered the removal of the bodies from Slave Square to make room for more burials. The remains of John and more than 800 individuals were disinterred from Slave Square and moved to the “colored pauper grounds.” After the Sexton prepared the ground for new burials, the Slave Square lots were sold to White Atlantans for a minimum purchase price of $50.Many people are fearful of disturbing the resting places of the dead, but history tells us that’s what happened at Slave Square in 1877.Photo: An interpretive panel in Slave Square.",[129,266,18],{"_73":326,"_126":-5,"_127":327},[],"Slave Square panel","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/sj4huz790kob2osvk20q6oao2fc9?variant=desktop",{"_97":281,"_94":24,"_126":-5,"_138":139,"_140":-5,"_141":-5,"_142":329,"_144":330,"_35":331,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_150":329,"_151":152,"_153":154,"_73":326,"_155":-5},"16230786170.jpeg",{"_156":332,"_158":333,"_160":334,"_162":327,"_164":335},48,"https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/sj4huz790kob2osvk20q6oao2fc9","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/sj4huz790kob2osvk20q6oao2fc9?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/sj4huz790kob2osvk20q6oao2fc9?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/sj4huz790kob2osvk20q6oao2fc9?variant=lqip",19,"the-ring-shout","The Ring Shout",{"_35":314,"_64":18,"_73":315},{"_35":364,"_64":365,"_73":366},"

The Ring Shout is a traditional African American worship and gathering practice with origins in West African ritual and ceremony. The practice was reborn during enslavement in the South in resistance to laws prohibiting those enslaved from gathering, except for worship, and forbidding any form of cultural expression, including drumming. In response, those enslaved created praise houses throughout the Southeast. As an act of resistance, congregants gathered in circle to stomp or shout (full body rhythmic movement) upon the wooden floors, ultimately creating a communal drum, secretly preserving traditions.

In 2019, the Geechee Gullah Ring Shouters performed a Ring Shout in the historic African American Burial Grounds as part of Oakland Cemetery's annual Juneteenth celebrations. The Geechee Gullah Ring Shouters are one of the world’s top performing artists of the Geechee Gullah culture. All performers are descendants of enslaved Africans, offering history and heritage presentation of African-American culture from slavery in an effort to continue the traditions of their ancestors.

Charmaine Minniefield: “The opportunity to share the performance work of the Geechee Gullah Ring Shouters within the embrace of this project is an honor. In recent years, my work has focused on remembrance and re-imagining the Ring Shout; I see this African-American worship tradition as a doorway into the past, bringing forward the spiritual practices of ancestors gone before to remember those forgotten.”

Video: The Geechee Gullah Ring Shouters perform in Oakland Cemetery's African American Burial Grounds for Juneteenth 2019.

",33.74828988,-84.37052482,[354],"The Ring Shout is a traditional African American worship and gathering practice with origins in West African ritual and ceremony. The practice was reborn during enslavement in the South in resistance to laws prohibiting those enslaved from gathering, except for worship, and forbidding any form of cultural expression, including drumming. In response, those enslaved created praise houses throughout the Southeast. As an act of resistance, congregants gathered in circle to stomp or shout (full body rhythmic movement) upon the wooden floors, ultimately creating a communal drum, secretly preserving traditions. In 2019, the Geechee Gullah Ring Shouters performed a Ring Shout in the historic African American Burial Grounds as part of Oakland Cemetery's annual Juneteenth celebrations. The Geechee Gullah Ring Shouters are one of the world’s top performing artists of the Geechee Gullah culture. All performers are descendants of enslaved Africans, offering history and heritage presentation of African-American culture from slavery in an effort to continue the traditions of their ancestors. Charmaine Minniefield: “The opportunity to share the performance work of the Geechee Gullah Ring Shouters within the embrace of this project is an honor. In recent years, my work has focused on remembrance and re-imagining the Ring Shout; I see this African-American worship tradition as a doorway into the past, bringing forward the spiritual practices of ancestors gone before to remember those forgotten.”Video: The Geechee Gullah Ring Shouters perform in Oakland Cemetery's African American Burial Grounds for Juneteenth 2019. ",[129,352,353,337],{"_73":349,"_126":350,"_127":351},[],"Georgia Geechee Gullah Ring Shouters","Flux Projects presented the Georgia Gullah Geechee Ring Shouters in Oakand Cemetery on Juneteenth 2019. The event, which was offered in conjunction with the cemetery's Juneenth celebrations, kicked off our current project with Charmaine Minniefield, Remembrance as Resistance: Preserving Black Narratives. \n\nThis project was scheduled to culminate Juneteenth 2020 with a multimedia installation of a Praise House in the newly restored African American Grounds of Oakland Cemetery. Because of COVID-19, the physical installation has been postponed until 2021. We are celebrating this year virtually. For a list of programs, visit: https://fluxprojects.org/productions/remembrance-as-resistance-preserving-black-narratives/","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/8afoweb512igyemc52ildw9w36sm?variant=desktop","gullah-geechee","georgia-geechee-gullah-ring-shouters",{"_97":355,"_94":24,"_126":350,"_138":204,"_140":356,"_141":357,"_142":358,"_144":359,"_35":166,"_147":173,"_148":149,"_150":358,"_151":210,"_153":175,"_73":349,"_155":357},35,"//player.vimeo.com/video/430570131","430570131","430570131.jpg",{"_156":360,"_158":361,"_160":362,"_162":351,"_164":363},"https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/8afoweb512igyemc52ildw9w36sm","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/8afoweb512igyemc52ildw9w36sm?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/8afoweb512igyemc52ildw9w36sm?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/8afoweb512igyemc52ildw9w36sm?variant=lqip",16,"the-praise-house","The Praise House",{"_35":336,"_64":337,"_73":338},"Charmaine Minniefield's project features a recreation of a historic praise house, a small structure (a barn or shack, usually constructed of wood) used for worship throughout the Southeast. Enslaved men and women gathered in praise houses to worship and socialize. They did so in defiance of laws that prohibited those enslaved from gathering, except for worship, and forbid any form of cultural expression. These laws were imposed to systematically dismantle communication, and ultimately, community. It is believed that praise houses were precursors to the first Black churches in the Western world.

Constructed by C.D. Moody Construction, the recreated Praise House sits in the historic African American Burial Grounds. Although the Praise House is located on unoccupied land, more than 12,000 Black Atlantans rest in 3.5-acre African American Burial Grounds.

Photo: A rare image from the early 1900s of a praise house on St. Helena Island, South Carolina. Photo 1042a in the Penn School Papers #3615, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.",33.74835755,-84.37069112,[380],"Charmaine Minniefield's project features a recreation of a historic praise house, a small structure (a barn or shack, usually constructed of wood) used for worship throughout the Southeast. Enslaved men and women gathered in praise houses to worship and socialize. They did so in defiance of laws that prohibited those enslaved from gathering, except for worship, and forbid any form of cultural expression. These laws were imposed to systematically dismantle communication, and ultimately, community. It is believed that praise houses were precursors to the first Black churches in the Western world. Constructed by C. D. Moody Construction, the recreated Praise House sits in the historic African American Burial Grounds. Although the Praise House is located on unoccupied land, more than 12,000 Black Atlantans rest in 3.5-acre African American Burial Grounds. Photo: A rare image from the early 1900s of a praise house on St. Helena Island, South Carolina. Photo 1042a in the Penn School Papers #3615, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.",[129,378,365,379],{"_73":376,"_126":-5,"_127":377},[],"Praise House 1900s.jpeg","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/ib306tbs8qlq72m3y0pg7nzdx6gp?variant=desktop","praise-house","the-praise-house-needs-image",{"_97":172,"_94":24,"_126":-5,"_138":139,"_140":-5,"_141":-5,"_142":381,"_144":382,"_35":383,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_150":381,"_151":152,"_153":154,"_73":376,"_155":-5},"16230774409.jpeg",{"_156":384,"_158":385,"_160":386,"_162":377,"_164":387},47,"https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/ib306tbs8qlq72m3y0pg7nzdx6gp","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/ib306tbs8qlq72m3y0pg7nzdx6gp?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/ib306tbs8qlq72m3y0pg7nzdx6gp?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/ib306tbs8qlq72m3y0pg7nzdx6gp?variant=lqip","Artist Charmaine Minniefield","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/6x2z9e5smad774fhyoep34n45bbc?variant=desktop",{"_97":397,"_35":24,"_73":398},{"_97":395,"_35":136,"_73":396},{"_97":393,"_35":290,"_73":394},12,"WALKING",10,"DRIVING",9,"BICYCLING",{"_97":173,"_94":136,"_126":-5,"_138":139,"_140":-5,"_141":-5,"_142":400,"_144":401,"_35":402,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_150":400,"_151":152,"_153":154,"_73":388,"_155":-5},"16230817884.jpeg",{"_156":403,"_158":404,"_160":405,"_162":389,"_164":406},50,"https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/6x2z9e5smad774fhyoep34n45bbc","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/6x2z9e5smad774fhyoep34n45bbc?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/6x2z9e5smad774fhyoep34n45bbc?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/oakland-cemetery/v4/public/media/6x2z9e5smad774fhyoep34n45bbc?variant=lqip",{"_94":24,"_97":184,"_35":229,"_73":424,"_64":425,"_414":426,"_113":26,"_416":24},{"_94":136,"_97":68,"_35":184,"_73":421,"_64":422,"_414":423,"_113":26,"_416":24},{"_94":290,"_97":393,"_35":417,"_73":418,"_64":419,"_414":420,"_113":26,"_416":24},{"_94":290,"_97":411,"_35":393,"_73":412,"_64":413,"_414":415,"_113":26,"_416":24},13,"Credits","credits","body","Presented by
Flux Projects\n

In Partnership with \n
Historic Oakland Foundation\n \n

Lead Artist\n
Charmaine Minniefield

Videographer
Kimberly Binns\n \n

Music\n
Malesha Jessie Taylor & Salah Ananse, AKA We\nAre Djeli\n \n

Sound Production
Santiago Páramo\n \n

Collaborator\n
Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, & Rare\nBook Library at Emory University\n \n

Architect\n
Point Office Architecture & Design\n \n

Structural\nEngineer
SHEAR Structural\n \n

Contractor\n
C. D. Moody Construction\n

Major\nfunding provided by\n
Mailchimp\n
City of Atlanta Mayor’s Office of Cultural\nAffairs\n
Georgia-Pacific\n
National Black Arts\nNational Endowment for the Arts\n \n

Lead\nSponsors\n
Andrew & Margaret Bailey\n
The Arthur M. Blank Family Foundation
Molly Blank Fund\n
City of Atlanta Mayor’s Office of Cultural\nAffairs\n
Community Foundation for Greater Atlanta\n
EMSA Fund\n
Fulton County Arts & Culture\n
Georgia Council for the Arts\n
Georgia-Pacific\n
The Imlay Foundation\n
LUBO Fund\n
Momar\n
Tim & Lauren Schrager Family Foundation\n

In-Kind\nSponsors\n
GOMEZ
Six Feet Under
The UltraMind, Inc.

","tour_count",11,"About Flux Projects","about-flux-projects","Founded in 2009, Flux Projects connects community through innovative\npublic art that is free for all to experience. From compelling video and immersive performances to\nmultimedia and experimental sound art, Flux Projects presents works by\nexceptional artists and curators, engaging our shared public spaces and transforming the\nexperience of contemporary art for thousands each year.\n \n

Transcending walls and traditional venues, Flux\nProjects places art in parks, neighborhoods, historic buildings, and other\nsurprising places around Atlanta. To\nexpand the conversation around public art, Flux Projects also presents dynamic\nprogramming that includes podcasts, films, and lectures with acclaimed visiting\nartists and curators.\n \n

Flux Projects gives art the space to\ntransform. Visit fluxprojects.org to discover more!","About Oakland Cemetery","about-oakland-cemetery","Founded in 1850, Atlanta’s Oakland Cemetery spans 48 acres of gardens, wildlife, and sculpture. Oakland is the final resting place for 70,000 people, including author Margaret Mitchell, golf great Bobby Jones, 27 Atlanta mayors, six former governors, and thousands of unmarked graves. Oakland Cemetery offers critical green space for recreation and serves as a cultural resource those who come to study history, art, architecture, archaeology, horticulture, photography and more. In partnership with the City of Atlanta, Historic Oakland Foundation works to preserve, restore, enhance and share Oakland Cemetery, which is open free of charge to the public 365 days a year (special fees for tours and events). Visit www.oaklandcemetery.com for more details.","About Charmaine Minniefield","about-charmaine-minniefield","The work of artist-activist, Charmaine Minniefield preserves Black narratives as a radical act of social justice. Firmly rooted in womanist social theory and ancestral veneration, her work draws from indigenous traditions as seen throughout Africa and the Diaspora, to explore African and African-American history, memory, and ritual as an intentional push back against erasure. Her creative practice is community-based as her research and resulting bodies of work often draw from the physical archives as she excavates the stories of African-American women-led resistance and spirituality and power.

Minniefield’s recent public works, which include projection mapping and site-specific installation, insight dialogue around race, class, and power. Through interdisciplinary collaboration, she incorporates other art forms to virtually bridge the past to the present. Recent projects include the mounting of “Remembrance as Resistance” during the 2018 Symposium on Race and Reconciliation presented by her alma mater, Agnes Scott College, which opened with the removal of two Confederate monuments from campus grounds and closed with the work as backdrop for the closing talk by Alice Walker on art and activism.

Minniefield’s work is featured in a number of public and private collections, and as a muralist, her walls can be seen throughout the City of Atlanta and beyond. She was honored by Mercedes Benz as a part of their Greatness Lives Here campaign. She is featured in the 2020 US Census commercial with her recent mural in Brooklyn depicting women who shaped the future. Minniefield recently served as the Stuart A. Rose Library artist-in-residence at Emory through a collaboration with Flux Projects","south",33.74780285625,"north",33.74890199375,"east",-84.36970876125,"west",-84.37309504875,"centerLat",33.748352425,"centerLng",-84.371401905,31,"external_url","footer_logo","name","logo_url","notes","subdir","tourSet",{"_35":454,"_79":455,"_456":457,"_458":459},"request",{"_450":451,"_452":453},"protocol","http","host","oakland-cemetery.opentour.site","31","tour_sets","attributes",{"_442":72,"_445":10,"_464":465,"_466":467,"_443":-5,"_468":469},"relationships",{"_460":461},"admins",{"_462":463},"data",[],"published_tours",[493,494,495],"mapable_tours",[478,479,480],"logo",{"_442":468,"_470":471},"record",{"_35":439,"_442":72,"_472":473,"_474":473,"_445":10,"_475":-5,"_440":-5,"_444":-5,"_441":-5,"_476":-5,"_477":-5,"_31":-5},"created_at","2021-01-20T15:37:25.059Z","updated_at","tour_id","base_sixty_four","logo_title",{"_73":488,"_64":489,"_481":490},{"_73":483,"_64":484,"_481":485},{"_73":74,"_64":16,"_481":482},"center",{"_107":436,"_109":438},"We Shall Overcome: African American Stories at Oakland Cemetery","we-shall-overcome-african-american-stories-at-oakland-cemetery",{"_107":486,"_109":487},33.74838332,-84.37243757499999,"The Immortal Women of Oakland ","the-immortal-women-of-oakland",{"_107":491,"_109":492},33.748198650000006,-84.371217855,{"_73":488,"_64":489,"_496":499},{"_73":483,"_64":484,"_496":498},{"_73":74,"_64":16,"_496":497},"location",{"_107":436,"_109":438},{"_107":486,"_109":487},{"_107":491,"_109":492}]